Nature Reviews Cardiology: Cardiovascular disease and cognitive decline share similar pathogenetic processes such as atherosclerosis and ischaemia. Evidence from multidisciplinary studies has shown that vascular risk factors present during young adulthood and mid-life can be risk factors for the development of cognitive decline and dementia in later life. In this Review, Qiu and Fratiglioni discuss the literature examining the association of cardiovascular burden with cognitive decline and dementia over the life-course. http://bit.ly/1DKxGqV (£)